Legal Inspection (“Pocket Examinationâ€)Family groups were called for immigrant inspections to demonstrate their economic and moral fitness to inspectors.
In the early 1890s, they decided a literacy test, requiring each adult immigrant to demonstrate his or her ability to read and write, was the most practical method of reducing the number of annual arrivals. Its proponents first used clearly reactionary arguments.
Every single foreigner that entered the Port of New York was questioned - either on board ship or at Ellis Island itself. Sitting at a high "rostrum desk" in Ellis Island's Registry Room, the inspector consulted the official list of a ship's passengers called a Manifest of Alien Passengers.
From 1892 to 1924, Ellis Island was America's largest and most active immigration station, where over 12 million immigrants were processed. For the rest, it became the "Island of Tears" - a place where families were separated and individuals were denied entry into the United States.
They went to a money-exchange area, collected their bags, and waited at the foot of the stairs of the Great Hall to reunite with family already in New York. One pillar in the room was the location of so many emotional family reunions, it became known as the kissing post.
No passports or visas were needed to enter the United States through Ellis Island at this time. In fact, no papers were required at all. More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954—with a whopping 1,004,756 entering the United States in 1907 alone.
Immigrants arriving in the US on Ellis Island were checked for trachoma using a buttonhook to examine their eyelids – they often warned each other to 'beware the buttonhook men'. Anyone found to have the disease was sent home or treated before being allowed into the country.
The Feature Profile Test, in the collections of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, was administered to immigrants at Ellis Island in the early 20th century. Those who failed to assemble it correctly could be labeled “feebleminded†and sent back home.
Upon entering the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, you will find yourself in the Baggage Room, the main lobby of the first floor. This was the first place that immigrants came to after getting off the ferry, just as it is today for visitors.
Some 250,000 immigrants were denied entry to the US. Some 3,500 immigrants died on Ellis Island. Some 350 babies were born there.
Courtesy National Archives, D.C. On-board inspections, line inspections, and bacterial exams were used to assess the health of immigrants arriving on the Pacific Coast during the first part of the 20th century.
As the line moved forward, doctors had only a few seconds to check each immigrant for sixty symptoms of disease. Of primary concern were cholera, favus (scalp and nail fungus), tuberculosis, insanity, epilepsy, and mental impairments.
All ready at the first steps on the stairs up to second floor every immigrant was inspected by the doctors. The doctors viewed them from above to watch after weakness, heavy breathing (indication of hart problems) and other signs of mental disturbances.
Exemplifying this notion, PHS regulations encouraged officers to place a chalk mark indicating the suspected disease or defect on the clothing of immigrants as they passed through the line: the letters "EX" on the lapel of a coat indicated that the individual should merely be further examined; the letter "C," that the
The medical inspection was the first examination which an immigrant had to pass. The doctors and medical inspectors would look for any signs of illness or contagious diseases.
What did doctors do if they thought an immigrant was sick ? They put a chalk mark on the immigrant's clothes. An immigrant had an incurable disease ? He was sent back home and the steamship company that had brought him had to pay for his fare.
What happened to immigrants who failed medical inspection? An inspector asked a series of questions to verify that immigrants could enter the country legally. Immigrants who passed the medical and legal tests would be free to go. Those who failed would be held for days, or weeks, until their cases were decided.
Therefore, it was important for them to only move passengers that would likely pass the Ellis Island inspection. A list of approximately thirty different questions ranged from a person's birth and occupation, to whether that person is a polygamist or anarchist.
MISSION 4: “City of Immigrantsâ€4) What questions did the customs inspector ask Lena? The inspector asked Lena her name, age, and nationality.He wanted to know if she had ever been in prison or in an alms house and if she was an anarchist.He wanted to know where she was going to live and if she had any money.
The Knox Cube Imitation Test (KCIT, or CIT, or KCT) was developed as a nonverbal intelligence test developed by Dr.Howard Andrew Knox, a medical officer at Ellis Island. It was first published as a pamphlet in 1913, and then in 1914 as a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
A push factor is a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a certain place. A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place. Push and pull factors are usually considered as north and south poles on a magnet.
Officials in the Great Hall decided whether each person could enter the country right away or whether that person's case required further review. From 1903 to 1914, immigrants were checked for trachoma, a contagious eye disease.
Immigrants are highly geographically concentrated. Compared to the native born they are more likely to live in the central parts of Metropolitan Areas in “gateway (major international airport) cities†in six states (California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois).
The duration of inspection was based on the reliability of the immigrant's papers, in case the documents were not in order, it would take much longer for the individual to be cleared. Inspections were conducted in the Registry Room by doctors who checked for physical ailments and medical conditions.
Despite the island's reputation as an “Island of Tears†the vast majority of immigrants were treated courteously and respectfully, free to begin their new lives in America after only a few short hours on Ellis Island. Only two percent of the arriving immigrants were excluded from entry.
