The catalogue of what in later tradition has been dubbed 'the four cardinal Platonic virtues' – wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice – is first presented without comment.
It is that the just life is happier and that it also has more pleasure than the unjust life. Socrates gives two proofs of this conclusion. The just life, then, not only is first in "happiness" (ε?δαιμονία), it is also more pleasurable than the unjust life. So in both ways the just life is better than the unjust life.
Summary: Book II, 357a–368cSocrates believes he has adequately responded to Thrasymachus and is through with the discussion of justice, but the others are not satisfied with the conclusion they have reached. Glaucon, one of Socrates's young companions, explains what they would like him to do.
Aristocracy. Aristocracy is the form of government (politeia) advocated in Plato's Republic. This regime is ruled by a philosopher king, and thus is grounded on wisdom and reason. In contrast to historical aristocracies, Plato's resembles a meritocracy or proto-technocracy of sorts.
Socrates explained that if a person is harmed they will never recover. He stated. that a horse never becomes better after being harmed. If someone is harmed. their virtue is being harmed as well.
Polemarchus says justice is "the art which gives good to friends and evil to enemies." Thrasymachus proclaims "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger." Socrates overturns their definitions and says that it is to one's advantage to be just and disadvantage to be unjust.
In metaphysics Plato envisioned a systematic, rational treatment of the forms and their interrelations, starting with the most fundamental among them (the Good, or the One); in ethics and moral psychology he developed the view that the good life requires not just a certain kind of knowledge (as Socrates had suggested)
The major difference between a democracy and a republic is that a republic is a form of government whereas a democracy is an ideology that helps shape how a government is run. Put another way: a republic is the system of government that allows a country to be democratic!
A republic is a king-less form of government that has no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy. The word republic comes from the Latin language words res publica, which means a "public thing". For example, the United States is a republic and India is a republic, but North Korea and Cuba are also called republics.
What are the Advantages of Republican Government?
- Fairness. They believed that laws made by the representatives they elected would be fair.
- Common welfare. The laws would help everyone instead of one person or a few favored people.
- Freedom and prosperity. People would have greater freedom and be able to live well.
Eugene Volokh of the UCLA School of Law notes that the United States exemplifies the varied nature of a constitutional republic—a country where some decisions (often local) are made by direct democratic processes, while others (often federal) are made by democratically elected representatives.
Federal Republic Examples
- Argentine Republic.
- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
- Federal Republic of Germany.
- Federal Republic of Nigeria.
- Federal Republic of Somalia.
While often categorized as a democracy, the United States is more accurately defined as a constitutional federal republic. “Federal” means that there is both a national government and governments of the 50 states.
A constitutional dictatorship is a form of government in which dictatorial powers are exercised during an emergency. The dictator is not absolute and the dictator's authority remains limited by the constitution. The Roman Republic made provision for a dictator who could govern unchecked for a stipulated period of time.
Republic of IndiaThough India became a free nation on August 15, 1947, it declared itself a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state with the adoption of the Constitution on January 26, 1950. The Constitution gave the citizens of India the power to choose their own government and paved the way for democracy.
Plato viewed human beings as inherently rational, social souls burdened by imprisonment within their physical bodies. According to him, the soul or mind attains knowledge of the forms, as opposed to the senses.
This moral conception of the good life has had plenty of champions. Socrates and Plato both gave absolute priority to being a virtuous person over all other supposedly good things such as pleasure, wealth, or power. In Plato's dialogue Gorgias, Socrates takes this position to an extreme.
In The Republic, Plato argues that kings should become philosophers or that philosophers should become kings, or philosopher kings, as they possess a special level of knowledge, which is required to rule the Republic successfully.
Plato concludes that there are three separate parts of the soul: appetite, spirit, and reason. In what way are these three distinct parts, and in what way do they make up a unified whole?
In other words, each person's soul is divided into three different parts, and these parts are simply in different balance from one person to the next. Plato defines the soul's three parts as the logical part, the spirited part, and the appetitive part.
Plato rejected Athenian democracy on the basis that such democracies were anarchic societies without internal unity, that they followed citizens' impulses rather than pursuing the common good, that democracies are unable to allow a sufficient number of their citizens to have their voices heard, and that such
Next, in the most important section of Book III, Socrates hesitantly proposes that he and Glaucon devise a “noble lie” (414b) that will in the best case persuade both the rulers and the citizens of the city, but if not the rulers, then at least the rest of the whole city.
He felt that distinct social classes, in which each class performed its own roles and responsibilities, contributed to a healthy state. Why did Plato argue in The Republic that separate, distinct social classes were necessary? citizenship came with both rights and responsibilities.
Plato's Ideal State. Courage, Wisdom, Moderation. Justice and the health of the soul.
In politics, a noble lie is a myth or untruth, often, but not invariably, of a religious nature, knowingly propagated by an elite to maintain social harmony or to advance an agenda. The noble lie is a concept originated by Plato as described in the Republic.
