Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha.
The K factor or characterization factor is a systematic way of classifying a crude oil according to its paraffinic, naphthenic, intermediate or aromatic nature. The K factor is also referred to as the UOP K factor or just UOPK.
Subjected to the question of scientists, oil has been seen by some as a fluid of mineral origin, therefore having an abiotic origin… However, there are many indications of its biological origin, that is, its filiation with what was alive, even if it was millions of years ago.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are an important series of hydrocarbons found in almost every petroleum mixture from any part of the world. Aromatics are cyclic but unsaturated hydrocarbons with alternating double bonds (Figure 1.12). The name “aromatic” refers to the fact that such hydrocarbons are commonly fragrant compounds.
Resins fraction of crude oil comprises polar molecules often containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Resins are com- posed of fused aromatic rings with branched paraffin and polar compounds. The resin fraction is soluble in light alkanes such as pentane and heptane, but insoluble in liquid propane.
The aniline point of paraffinic oil is much higher than a naphthenic meaning the solvency is worse. Paraffinic oil has a high viscosity index which is good for engine oil but bad for transformers. The naphthenic oil will reach a lower viscosity meaning more oil circulation in the transformer and better cooling.
To calculate KUOP or KW,volume average boiling point (VABP) or mean average boiling point is used, respectively. Depending on the value of the Watson characterization factor, crude oils are classified as paraffinic (Kw = 11-12.9), naphthenic (Kw =10-11), or aromatic (Kw <10).
The molecular formula of cyclopropane is C3H6. But cyclopropane is a saturated hydrocarbon! Every atom is saturated. Cyclopropane doesn't contain any multiple bonds.
Paraffin can also be used as a coolant for electrical systems, as hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. Liquid paraffin also has medicinal properties. It is commonly used to treat dry skin, constipation, and eczema.
Paraffin waxes are insoluble because of its non-polar characteristic. All alkanes are non-polar in nature. And since we always say that "like dissolves like", water being a polar molecule, cannot dissolve paraffin waxes.
Alcohols are all derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon have been replaced by a hydroxyl group. If the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a methane backbone, the compound is called methanol or methyl alcohol.
Alkanes are not usually considered as functional groups; instead, an alkane is a compound that lacks functional groups. The functional group in an alkene is a carbon-carbon double bond. The functional group in an alkyne is a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Paraffins is a Latin word meaning (parum = little + affinis = reactivity). Alkanes are called paraffins because they have a little affinity towards a general reagent. In other words,alkanes are inert substances. They undergo reactions under drastic conditions.
The simplest alkane is methane (CH4), which consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms. A homologous series of alkanes may be formed by adding additional methylene groups (–CH2–). The series continues in this manner to include ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), among others.
Hydrocarbons: Definition
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and hydrogens. It is possible for double or triple bonds to form between carbon atoms and even for structures, such as rings, to form. Saturated hydrocarbons have as many hydrogen atoms as possible attached to every carbon.The dermatologist adds that paraffin is known to clog pores and can also be harmful if swallowed because of the fact that it does not break down easily. "In skincare, paraffin is commonly used in its oil form and again, it is a derivative of petroleum," says Shapiro. [But] paraffin is overall not good for the skin."
List of Alkanes
- Methane (CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)
- Propane (C3H8)
- Butane (C4H10)
- Pentane (C5H12)
- Hexane (C6H14)
- Heptane (C7H16)
- Octane (C8H18)
Olefin, also called alkene, compound made up of hydrogen and carbon that contains one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by a double bond. Olefins are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons (compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon and at least one double or triple bond).
Olefin fiber is a synthetic fiber made from a polyolefin, such as polypropylene or polyethylene. It is used in wallpaper, carpeting, ropes, and vehicle interiors. Olefin's advantages are its strength, colourfastness and comfort, its resistance to staining, mildew, abrasion, sunlight and its good bulk and cover.
Alkanes are also called Paraffins . Para = less affins = reactivity (as compair with alkenes and alkynes .) They are Open Chain saturated hydrocarbon.
Olefins are a class of chemicals that includes ethylene, propylene, and 1,3-butadiene. Ethylene, also called ethene, is an industrial petrochemical and natural product.
NAO (Normal Alpha Olefins) or LAO (Linear Alpha Olefins). Alpha olefins are major petrochemical building blocks, which serve as polyethylene co-monomers and as reagents to form surfactants, plasticizers, and additives.
The following is a list of the first ten Alkenes:
- Ethene (C2H4)
- Propene (C3H6)
- Butene (C4H8)
- Pentene (C5H10)
- Hexene (C6H12)
- Heptene (C7H14)
- Octene (C8H16)
- Nonene (C9H18)
UNSATURATED alkyne hydrocarbons contain triple bonds. Since the compound is unsaturated with respect to hydrogen atoms, the extra electrons are shared between 2 carbon atoms forming double bonds. Alkynes are also generally known as ACETYLENES from the first compound in the series.
The preferred materials for the synthetic drilling fluid application are linear internal olefins, which are primarily made by isomerizing linear alpha-olefins to an internal position. The higher internal olefins appear to form a more lubricious layer at the metal surface and are recognized as a better lubricants.
Benzene, C6H6, is highly unsaturated—it has six fewer hydrogen atoms than cyclohexane, C6H12– its cyclic saturated counterpart. Although benzene is represented by a hexagon that contains three double bonds, unlike alkenes it does not undergo addition reactions with reagents such as bromine, HBr, or water.
Cycloalkanes - The saturated hydrocarbons not only form only carbon-to-hydrogen bonds, rather than the carbon-to-carbon bonds that have to then have added hydrogen atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons - These unsaturated hydrocarbons have alternating carbon-to-carbon single or double bonds in their molecules.
Paraffin wax is a soft white solid, derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules.
remember that aliphatic hydrocarbons are with the general formula of CnH2n+2, which is the basis for its saturation. If a compound does not satisfy this, then it is unsaturated. C = 6; H = 12 = 14 (x) not equal! - therefore cyclohexane is an unsaturated molecule.
Yes, a paraffin is an alkane. An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon with the formula CnH2n+2 . However, the word "paraffin" may refer to any of the following: Paraffin wax is a mixture of alkanes containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
In chemistry, paraffin is the common name for the alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Paraffin wax refers to the solids with n between 20 and 40, inclusive. The simplest paraffin molecule is that of methane, CH4, a gas at room temperature.
Paraffin hydrocarbon, also called alkane, any of the saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, C being a carbon atom, H a hydrogen atom, and n an integer. The paraffins are major constituents of natural gas and petroleum. All paraffins are colourless.
Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft, solid wax. It's made from saturated hydrocarbons. It's often used in skin-softening salon and spa treatments on the hands, cuticles, and feet because it's colorless, tasteless, and odorless. It can also be used to provide pain relief to sore joints and muscles.
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. IUPAC defines alkanes as "acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms".
